UK train delays and cancellations: how to claim refunds and compensation

If a train company doesn't respond to your compensation request, or you believe it's been unfairly rejected, you can now appeal to an ombudsman.

The Rail Ombudsman is independent and free to use.

You can appeal to the Ombudsman on their website if you are unhappy with the final response from a rail company (sometimes called a ‘deadlock letter’) or if your complaint has not been resolved within 40 working days of the rail company receiving it.

The Ombudsman's decisions are binding, with the exception of Transport for London and other local transport networks, who are not members.

The Ombudsman comes at the end of a terrible year for the railway industry. Timetable changes earlier this year brought mass delays, with two-thirds of customers who complained not satisfied with the outcome of their complaint.

If a train is cancelled or delayed and you decide not to travel, you should be able to get a full refund by taking your unused ticket into the ticket office.

The refund should come back in the form which you paid for the ticket but check the type of ticket as cheaper advance tickets may be excluded. 

If you have bought tickets that you no longer need and decide not to travel, you can normally get a refund, minus the cost of an administrative fee (capped at £10).

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[SPOTLIGHT] When it comes to being delayed en route it’s a bit more complicated, which puts many people off claiming.

If your train is delayed you should, in most instances, be able to claim back some of the money you originally spent on the ticket. 

The rules, or ‘conditions of carriage’, for operators are set by the National Rail Conditions of Carriage and can be found here. They are well worth taking a look at if you need to claim for any reason.

Each train operator has its own rules on how much compensation you’re entitled to based on the number of minutes late your train is. 

Train operators' compensation policies for one-off journeys

Train Operator	Up to 29 minutes late	30-59 minutes late	60-119 minutes late	120 minutes+ late
Abellio Greater Anglia	N/A	50% of the cost of your one-way ticket or 25% of the cost of your return ticket	100% of the cost of your one-way ticket or 50% of the cost of your return ticket. Complimentary drinks from cafe bar or trolley.	100% of the cost of your ticket whether single or return.
Transport for Wales	N/A	50% of the cost of the single ticket or 50% of the cost of the relevant portion of the return ticket for delays of between 30 and 59 minutes;	100% of the cost of the single ticket or 100% of the cost of the relevant portion of the return ticket	100% of the cost of your ticket whether single or return.
C2C	For smartcard holders: automatic compensation of 3p for each full minute of delay from 2 to 29 minutes. Otherwise 25% off.	50% of single ticket or return ticket portion	100% of single ticket or return ticket portion	100% of the cost of your ticket whether single or return.
Chiltern Railways	N/A	50% of single ticket or return ticket portion	100% of single ticket or return ticket portion	100% of single ticket or return ticket portion
Cross Country	N/A	50% of single ticket or return ticket portion	100% of single ticket or return ticket portion	100% of the cost of your ticket whether single or return.
East Midlands	N/A	50% of single ticket or return ticket portion	100% of single ticket or return ticket portion. Complimentary drink from cafe bar or trolley.	100% of the cost of your ticket whether single or return.
Eurostar	N/A	N/A	Partial refund is 25% of the value of the affected ticket.	Partial refund is 50% of affected ticket for delays of 120-179 minutes.
First Hull Trains	N/A	50% of single ticket or return ticket portion	100% of single ticket or return ticket portion	100% of the cost of your ticket whether single or return.
Transpennine Express	N/A	50% of single ticket, 50% of return ticket portion	100% of single ticket or return ticket portion	100% of the cost of your ticket whether single or return.
Grand Central	N/A	N/A	50% of single fare or return ticket portion	75% of single fare or return ticket portion
Greater Anglia	N/A	50% of single ticket or 25% return ticket portion	100% of single ticket or 50% return ticket portion	100% of the cost of your ticket whether single or return.
Great Western Railway	N/A	N/A	50%-100% of single ticket or return ticket portion (rules vary depending on which section of the service you are travelling on)	100% of the cost of your ticket whether single or return.
Great Northern	From 15-29 minutes 25% of single ticket or return ticket portion	50% of single ticket or 25% of return ticket portion	100% of single ticket or 50% of return ticket portion	100% of the cost of your ticket whether single or return.
London Northwestern	From 15-29 minutes 25% of single ticket or return ticket portion	50% of single ticket or 25% of return ticket portion	100% of single ticket or 50% of return ticket portion	100% of the cost of your ticket whether single or return.
Merseyrail	N/A	100% of single or 50% of return ticket (so long as it's a day return)	100% of single or 50% of return ticket (so long as it's a day return)	100% of single or 50% of return ticket (so long as it's a day return)
Northern Rail	N/A	50% of the cost of your single ticket or relevant portion of your return ticket	100% of the cost of your single ticket or relevant portion of your return ticket	100% of the cost of your ticket whether single or return.
ScotRail	N/A	50% of single ticket or 25% of return ticket portion	100% of single ticket or 50% return ticket portion	100% of the cost of your ticket whether single or return.
Southern	From 15-29 minutes 25% of single ticket or return ticket portion	50% of single ticket or 50% of return ticket portion	100% of single ticket or 100% of return ticket portion	100% of the cost of your ticket whether single or return.
Southeastern	N/A	50% of single ticket price or 25% of return ticket portion	100% of single ticket price or 50% of return ticket portion	100% of the cost of your ticket whether single or return.
South Western Railway	From 15-29 minutes 25% of single ticket or return ticket portion	100% of single ticket or 50% of return ticket	100% of single ticket or 50% of return ticket	100% of the cost of your ticket whether single or return.
Thameslink	From 15-29 minutes 25% of single ticket or return ticket portion.	50% of single ticket or return ticket portion	100% of single ticket price or return ticket portion	100% of the cost of your ticket whether single or return.
Virgin Trains*	N/A	50% of single ticket or return ticket portion	100% of single ticket or return ticket portion	100% of the cost of your ticket whether single or return.

*Compensation is automatic if you have purchased an advance ticket online or through the app. 

As you can see, payments can vary widely between operators. But in general, most delays over 30 minutes warrant some form of compensation, which is typically paid in the form of electronic bank transfer or via PayPal. You can either claim in a station or online, within 28 days.

Compensation for season ticket holders

There are different types of compensation available to season ticket holders depending on your train operator.

Most operate a 'Delay Repay' scheme, where you can claim back compensation within 28 days of the delay or cancellation and you will receive a pro-rata refund based on the value of your season ticket.

However, this scheme is only available with certain train operators, so check first. The table above contains link to all of the train operators' compensation web pages. 

When it comes to Delay Repay, most operators say you can get a refund "irrespective of what caused the delay" and as any ticket is valid, not just season tickets, you may have a better chance at getting some compensation. 

Other operators will give you a discount when you come to renew your season ticket. This will be based on the overall performance of the train company and the percentage of its trains that were on time. If you receive compensation it should be around 5% of the total price paid.  

For journeys which are split between different operators, you'll only be able to claim compensation from one train company per season ticket. 

Unsurprisingly, there are quite a few instances where you won’t be able to claim compensation. These are as follows:

• Acts or threats of vandalism or terrorism;
• Suicides or accidents involving trespassers;
• Gas leaks or fires in lineside buildings not caused by a train company;
• Line closures at the request of the police or emergency services;
• Exceptionally severe weather conditions;
• Riots or civil commotion;
• Fire, mechanical or electrical failure or defect (except when this is caused by a member of the train company).

There are also lots of grey areas, such as for the weather to be defined as "exceptionally severe" other forms of transport will need to have been affected.

In the past few years heavy snow fall has meant hundreds of train services have been cancelled.

If this happens and you’re stranded miles from home, the train company should help you either get to your destination via alternative means such as buses or taxis, or pay for or reimburse you for overnight accommodation. 

But there's an exception – this will only happen if the circumstances are "within the control of the train company" so it won’t be automatic.

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In London you'll be able to get a refund for the price of a single journey if your tube or DLR service is delayed by more than 15 minutes, or more than 30 minutes on London Overground or TfL Rail services for reasons within the control of Transport for London (TFL). 

This won't happen if it's due to planned engineering work, a security alert, customer incident, strike action, or bad weather conditions. Refunds take 21 days to process.

The system appears to be designed to try to dissuade people from claiming but websites such as Train Delays.co.uk are a handy free way to keep track of the whole process.

Which? has filed a super-complaint to the railway regulator, the Office of Rail and Road (ORR), to try to force train firms to do more to make it easier to claim compensation for delays and cancellations.  

It wants to see public announcements on trains where passengers will be entitled to a compensation claim, with forms handed out on the platform. It's worth noting that some carriers, such as Virgin Trains, offer automatic refunds to delayed passengers. 

The ORR has now responded to this complaint and set out a series of recommendations including: 

• A co-ordinated, national promotional campaign by the train companies to increase passenger awareness of compensation available. 
• Clearer, plain English forms, website information, and other written communication to make the process of claiming compensation simpler. 
• Better training to support staff in providing information on compensation. 
• Review of consistency between train company franchise agreements to ensure compensation is promoted more prominently and more often at the time of delay. 
• A clearer licence condition for train companies so that explaining compensation is considered and enforced as a key element of good passenger information. 

It's now up to the train companies to act. Which? executive director Richard Lloyd, said: "The pressure is now on the train companies to show they can bring about urgently needed basic improvements for their customers. And, where breaches of consumer law and licence conditions have been found, the ORR must take enforcement action without delay." 

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