A century ago, crude oil was the most valuable substance on the planet, but exploration and innovation have made it far less expensive. Today, it's eclipsed in value by the likes of gold, diamonds, and even caterpillar fungus (yes, you read that correctly).

There are many other obscure materials you’ve probably never heard of that command a premium price because they’re ultra-rare, hard to extract, or valued for their unique properties. Read on to discover the most valuable legal substances on Earth (and beyond) right now. 

All dollar amounts in US dollars. Prices correct as of January 2025.