Amid increased protectionism abroad and sluggish demand at home, mainland China's exports stood at $3.38 trillion (£2.66trn) last year. That's down 4.6% compared to 2022, while imports fell 5.5% to $2.56 trillion (£2trn) – though the nation's trade with one country positively soared.

As Beijing navigates a domestic slump as well as the global trend towards reshoring and diversifying supply chains, read on to discover the nation's 15 leading trading partners, excluding Hong Kong. All dollar amounts in US dollars.