With the Tokyo Olympic Games now underway, the cost of hosting arguably the planet's most famous sporting event has once again come under scrutiny, especially after COVID led to a year's delay and Japan's purpose-built stadiums are empty of crowds.

Even in normal times, the economic benefits of hosting the Olympics such as infrastructure and tourism are often short-lived and may not outweigh the huge price tag of building stadiums and other venues. Worse still, many of these sites are never reused and simply left to decay.

Click or scroll through to see the Olympic stadiums and sites that have become white elephants. All dollar values in US dollars unless otherwise stated.

It's hard to pinpoint exactly how much the Sarajevo Winter Olympics of 1984 cost, as the Yugoslavian dinar experienced hyperinflation after the Games. However, we do know that it exceeded its budget by 118%, according to the Oxford Olympics Study 2016. Many of the venues, such as this abandoned hotel created for visitors, were subsequently torn apart during the Siege of Sarajevo a decade later.

As far as abandoned Olympic venues go, the remnants of Sarajevo's Olympic Games are among the spookiest. As soldiers headed for the mountains surrounding the city during the Siege of Sarajevo, they used the Olympic facilities as hideouts and stored weapons there.

The bobsled track (pictured) was used as an artillery stronghold for Bosnian Serbs, and you can still see holes drilled by troops in the walls today, along with graffiti. The ski jumps were also used in battle and today they remain derelict and unused.

Meanwhile the football pitch of the Sarajevo city stadium, next to the "Zetra" Olympic Hall, has been turned into a poignant cemetery. The Siege of Sarajevo led to as many as 10,000 deaths, according to some estimates, which meant that makeshift graveyards had to be constructed around the city. 

Montreal's Olympic Stadium is considered one of the world's most notorious white elephants. Following problem after problem, the stadium wasn't even finished in time for the 1976 Games, despite its massive price tag. In 2006, the cost of the stadium was estimated at CA$1.47 billion, the equivalent of $1.4 billion (£1.2bn) in today’s money.

Work pressed on until 1987 when the roof was finally completed, and even that wasn't fit for purpose – the structure was damaged several times and a portion collapsed in 1999. The stadium has managed to attract tenants on and off over the years but hasn't had a permanent tenant since 2004, adding to its white elephant reputation. However, reports say that the cost of dismantling it would actually be greater than leaving it open for occasional use.

​Canada's Régie des installations olympiques (RIO) put out a call for applications for new roof designs in late 2019, with a January 2020 deadline. However, only one company – Pomerleau-Canam Group (GPC) – submitted plans. In May 2020 the Parc Olympique website stated that "Although we would have liked more companies or groups of companies to come forward, the application submitted by GPC was deemed compliant and also obtained a sufficient score, thus allowing it to be invited to participate in the Call for Proposals." The process continues, but the aim is to have a new roof installed in 2024.

On Canada Day last year, artists including Wainwrights, Patrick Watson and Elisapie Isaac performed at the stadium as part of a live webcast event for Montreal's celebrations and the concourse areas have been turned into a COVID-19 vaccination centre. The tower adjoining the stadium has also been occupied, with seven of its 12 floors being turned into office space for financial institution Provencher Roy, but the stadium interior itself remains empty and unused.

Berlin hosted the Olympics in 1936 and set a new bar for lavish spending on facilities. This included the first multi-sports Olympic park, a stadium with capacity for 100,000 people and the world's first ever torch relay. The total cost would be the equivalent of $1.7 billion (£1.3bn) in 2016 dollars, according to David Goldblatt, author of The Games: A Global History of the Olympics, writing in Time magazine. 

The Olympic Village, located in Elstal in the Wustermark municipality on the outskirts of Berlin, remains an eerie reminder of the event. During the time that the facilities were being built, the Nazis were rising to prominence and Jewish people were beginning to be stripped of their rights. Yet despite attempts to boycott the Games by Jewish and left-wing groups, the International Olympic Committee banked on the Games bringing unity and reducing the force of the Third Reich. However, this was short-lived. 

The Olympic Village included a training pool (pictured), a gymnasium, and 38 dining rooms for athletes, all of which have since been abandoned. During the Second World War, the village was repurposed as a hospital and army training site, before being taken over by the Soviet Union in 1945 and becoming a military camp for the occupation forces. More recently, plans have been made to turn the site into a living museum.

One building which certainly hasn't gone to waste is the Olympiastadion. Pictured in 2005, it was restored for the 2006 FIFA World Cup Final, which brought €300 million ($396m/£206m) in revenue to the country.

Athens' Olympic facilities were such an unmitigated financial disaster that they contributed to bringing down the entire Greek economy, which is still in crisis mode today, worsened by the impacts of coronavirus. Like many purpose-built venues and stadiums, the vast Olympic facilities were not built with the long term in mind.

Flush with EU cash, the Greek government went on a crazy spending spree to prepare for the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens. Estimates as to the total amount it spent on the Games vary, but even fairly conservative assessments put it at €9 billion, around $12.8 billion (£10.6bn) in today's money. 

Fast-forward to 2020 and the vast majority of the venues lie empty, while the country is still paying back its debts. Without the state providing any real plan for what would happen to the venues after the Games, they've been left to fall into disrepair. The aquatics centre has completely dried up, heaps of rubbish have been left in outdoor training pools, and monuments are covered in graffiti.

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Many facilities, including this running track, are barren and decaying, with some overrun with weeds. The Olympic baseball complex has since been used as a refugee camp, which was home to as many as 5,000 people before it was shut down in 2017.

When Rio de Janeiro hosted the Olympic and Paralympic Games in the summer of 2016, it was the first time the event had been held in South America. Yet the event has been plagued by corruption, and even before the Games critics argued that the purpose-built facilities would be too large and expensive to maintain in the long run.

The overall price tag of hosting the Games was $13.2 billion (£10bn), according to the federal agency for Olympic legacy (AGLO), which is lower than the $14.3 billion (£8.92bn) spent on hosting London's Olympic Games in 2012, but around one and a half times more than the original budget. 

In 2017, a federal prosecutor, Leandro Mitidieri, looked into how the Olympic venues have been used since the Games, reporting that many were boarded up and empty, with the government paying maintenance costs. Mitidieri said at a public hearing: "There was no planning when they put out the bid to host the Games". He added: "They are white elephants today. What we are trying to look at here is to how to turn this into something usable."

On 16 January, a judge ordered that the Olympic Park would have to be closed due to safety concerns. Despite having been given temporary permits in 2017 and 2019, which allowed the facilities to remain open, hosting a number of music and sporting events in the years since, the judge ruled that the city hall had not provided the safety assurances to continue holding public events.

The 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing cost a staggering $40 billion in 2008, equivalent to $47.6 billion (£39.2bn) in today’s money. Yet over a decade later many of the venues are a mess. The volleyball stadium (pictured) is filled with rotting wood, watersports arenas have run dry and mascots lie abandoned.

The two main venues, the Bird's Nest stadium and Water Cube aquatics centre, remain popular tourist attractions, which are intended to be reused when the city hosts the Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games in 2022.

Yet the other abandoned and largely derelict facilities leave a bitter taste in the mouth for many. After an estimated two million residents were removed from their homes to clear space for the Games, many of them allegedly forcibly, the fact that these venues were left to wrack and ruin afterwards only adds insult to injury.

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Pictured here in the middle of the coronavirus pandemic, the Bird's Nest stadium costs an estimated $11 million (£8.4m) a year to maintain, although it's one of the only Olympic facilities that actually remains profitable, with an annual operating income of around 250 million yuan ($36.7m/£28m).

Going over budget is pretty much a given when it comes to hosting the Olympics, but when it was Sochi in Russia's turn to host the Winter Olympics in 2014, it took things to a whole new level. When Russia won its bid in 2007, the budget was set at $12 billion (£9bn). Yet the consensus figure for the overall cost of the event was $50 billion (£38bn), more than four times as much. 

It was the largest Winter Olympics ever, with 88 nations participating and 2,873 athletes taking part in 98 events. Despite this, its legacy is mired in controversy, as the cost overruns were blamed on corrupt government ties with oligarchs and there were allegations of abuse of migrant workers. 

Some of the money was spent on improving infrastructure in the region, including a new beltway to divert traffic around Sochi, improved paths around the city for people with disabilities and new public transport. However, the Olympic venues themselves have undoubtedly become white elephants. Many of these facilities now struggle to attract sporting and music events and one of Russia's top state-run banks, Vneshekonombank, is allegedly struggling with post-Olympic loans.

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The event also displaced around 2,000 people, with Human Rights Watch reporting that not all of them have received fair compensation. While the village of Akhshtyr had its drinking water supply cut off and construction work allegedly caused environmental damage.

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