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Fifty years of rising house prices

Published 29 January 2010 in Make good property decisions

What does the future hold for house prices? Cliff D'Arcy takes a look at the lessons we can learn from the past 50 years of rising house prices.

We reveal how house prices and British society have changed over 50 years.

Halifax, the UK's largest mortgage lender, has just released new housing research covering the past 50 years. This report makes for fascinating reading, as it reveals a huge amount of information about social trends in Britain over the past half-century.

Fifty years of rising house prices

According to the Halifax, the average UK house cost £2,507 in 1959. Fifty years later, a typical home would set you back £162,085. In other words, the typical house today costs almost 65 times as much as it did 50 years ago. Put another way, over 50 years, the typical house has grown in value by 8.7% a year.

However, both wages and the cost of living have increased dramatically over the same period. After stripping out retail price inflation (RPI; the rising cost of living), the Halifax reckons that house prices have risen in 'real' terms by 273% since 1959. This equates to a more modest growth rate of 2.7% a year.

Over the same period, wages have risen by 2% above retail price inflation, so houses today are far more expensive relative to wages than they were 50 years ago. Here's how real house prices have changed, decade by decade:

From the Fifties to the Noughties

UK real house prices, 1959­-2009

Period

Change

Yearly

change

1959­ - 1969

36%

3.1%

1969­ - 1979

34%

3.0%

1979­ - 1989

61%

4.9%

1989­ - 1999

­22%

­2.4%

1999­ - 2009

62%

5.0%

1959­ - 2009

273%

2.7%

As you can see, during the boom years of the Eighties, house prices rose by an average of 4.9% a year above inflation. However, boom followed bust, with real prices falling by 2.4% a year throughout the Nineties.

The strongest decade was the Noughties, when house prices raced ahead of inflation by 5% a year. To me, this strongly above-trend growth makes it highly unlikely that house prices will race ahead over the coming decade.

Indeed, according to the Halifax, there have been four distinct periods of rapid real growth in house prices: 1971-­73, 1977-­80, 1985-­89 and 1998­-2007. All of these periods were followed by significant falls in real house prices. Therefore, I suspect that -- despite a bounce from spring 2009 -- the current property downturn is not done yet.

The great boom in home-ownership

Another clear trend in the Halifax report is the growth in owner-occupiers, combined with falls in social housing and private tenants. Here are the figures:

Year

Owner­

occupied

Social

housing

Private

rented

1961

43%

25%

33%

1971

50%

31%

19%

1981

56%

33%

11%

1991

67%

25%

9%

2001

69%

21%

10%

2008

68%

18%

14%

As you can see, the rate of owner-occupation rose strongly from 43% in 1961 to 69% in 2001. However, during the last housing boom, owner-occupation tailed off, slipping back to 68% in 2008.

The biggest boom in owner­occupier rates happened in the Eighties, thanks (of course) to the Thatcher government introducing the Right to Buy scheme for council tenants. The sale of council houses (1.3 million between 1981 and 1991) caused a sharp decline in the level of social housing -- from 33% in 1981 to just 18% today.

Note that there has been a huge drop in the proportion of privately rented homes: from 33% in 1961 to a mere 9% in 1991. However, growth in buy-to-let investing in the Nineties and Noughties pushed this proportion back up to 14% by 2008.

The new family

For decades, most homes were occupied by married couples. However, with marriage becoming less popular and divorce becoming easier, the proportion of households occupied by one person has soared. Increased longevity, particularly among women, also explains why one-person homes are on the rise, as my third table shows:

Households in England by composition

Year

Married

couple

One

person

Co-habiting

couple

Lone

parent

Other

multi-

person

1971

70%

19%

1%

2%

8%

1981

63%

23%

3%

4%

7%

1991

55%

27%

6%

5%

7%

2001

47%

30%

9%

7%

7%

2009

42%

33%

11%

8%

7%

As you can see, the share of households occupied by married couples has fallen from 70% in 1971 to 42% in 2009. The proportion of one-person households has leapt from 19% to 33% over the same period. Also, co-habiting has become much more popular, shooting up from 1% in 1971 to 11% today.

Changing homes, shifting society

Here are a few fascinating snippets from the Halifax report:

Icy WC

In 1960, one in seven households (14%) lacked an inside loo. By 1996, this proportion had fallen to one in 500 (0.2%). As a young boy in the early Seventies, I remember when my grandparents' home was extended to include an inside toilet. This improvement made winters up North a lot less cruel, I can tell you!

Creature comforts

In 1971, over a third of British homes (35%) had central heating. By 2000, this proportion had almost tripled to 92%. In other words, 11 out of 12 British homes now have central heating. Cosy.

More people = more homes

Between 1961 and 2009, the UK population rose by nine million, from 52.8 million to 61.8 million. Of course, the number of households has followed suit, rising from 16.7 million in 1961 to 26.6 million in 2009 -- a rise just short of ten million. At the same time, the average number of people per dwelling has fallen from 3.17 in 1961 to 2.32 in 2009. So, families aren't as large as they once were.

Between 1959 and 2009, 13 million homes were built. Driven by local authorities, house-building peaked in the Sixties, with 425,800 units completed in 1968 alone. However, thanks to a sharp fall in local-authority projects and fewer private-sector builds, fewer than 157,000 dwellings were built in 2009.

And finally...

It's quite clear from Halifax's report that massive changes in British society have also been reflected in changing demand for property, particularly as living alone becomes more common.

Of course, the huge boom in owner-occupation which began in the Eighties is an event which cannot be repeated. Indeed, with almost seven in ten homes being owner-occupied, homeowners are now firmly in the majority.

This report also dispels a common myth: that house prices always go up. In fact, over the past 50 years, real house prices (after deducting retail price inflation) fell in 15 years, which is 30% of the time.

In addition, the powerful British desire to own a home often pushes up house prices to unsustainable levels. The property boom of 1995-2007, followed by the crash which began in the summer of 2007, is a perfect example of what happens when bubbles get over-inflated.

Lastly, the 62% real rise in house prices between 1999 and 2009 was the largest on record. It's highly likely that such a strong rise should be followed by an equally powerful bust. So, watch this space, because I'm still far from convinced that the worst is over for UK house prices...

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Comments

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illus12000 said

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Something I am very curious to know is this: What will happen to house prices when the baby boomers start dieing in large numbers?

So far as I'm aware (without having looked at any actual statistics!) They are the most numerous section of society and own the most property. They have also benefited most from the rises in house prices, often buying second homes and "buy to lets". This suggests to me that if a lot of them died a lot of property would return to the market - lowering house prices.

Does anyone have any info on this? has anyone seen projections or figures?

Seems to me we should be in for a pretty hefty drop in prices once they reach their 70s and start to die in large numbers. (Sorry for the macabre subject Baby Boomers!)

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eLJay said

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I've been thinking along the same lines, unfortunately I am not aware of any data on this as the baby boomers are a slightly unique grouping. The figures from the black death are of no use either.

The only assumption that I can make is that when they pass their children will try and rent them and when that market is saturated will try and sell them on the housing market.

Other questions are how old are the baby boomers and what is their life expectancy? If you factor in this as a bell curve of longevity then I'd guess the major affect will be felt when 2/3rds of baby boomers are no longer with us.

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swimherald said

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The rapidly expanding population and wealth generating of former British occupied territory could see many more of those people moving to UK and buying the houses?

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eLJay said

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That can probably be factored into the normal immigration figures, especially if the government actually does cut immigration by 75%, though I doubt it will as it doea not appear to have happened in my lifetime, possibly because industrialists want cheap labour.

Plus some Europeans have moved here. I do wonder if I would be better off moving to Munich or Switzerland.

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dicemagic said

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Baby boomers - there is no real definintion but Wikipedia reckons its those born between 1946 and 1964 I'm not an actuary but if we reckon on a life expectancy of about 75 for those they should start popping off between 2021 and 2038. But given the range of 18 years and our ability not to die on command (unless a UK government decides on a brutal and contraversial policy over its pension commitments) there wont be an overnight drop in house prices, but there will be general a depressive effect over 20 years from 2020 though to 2040. However, it is entirely possible that the market will be bolstered by imigration. Although why anyone will want to come here over the next 30 years I've no idea, we have only high taxes and low growth to look forward to.

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However, both wages and the cost of living have increased dramatically over the same period.

Together with the revaluation of the pound on a few occasions, which has not been factored in.

As for the baby boomers, they have children who cannot afford houses, so I would think any assets would be passed on to the children so they could buy houses, or just pass the house on to the kids.

I would imagine house prices, factoring in ALL things, have not risen by as much as Halifax suggests.

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McLeodC said

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Unless we're hit by some sudden, fatal Survivors-style pandemic (in which case house prices will be the least of anyone's worries), all the official projections are for both population and number of households to continue increasing for the foreseeable future. Yes, birth-rates are falling, but humans haven't stopped breeding, and however bad things may seem in Britain, they're much worse in many parts of the world, so millions of people want to come here. Impacts of climate change are likely to increase immigration pressure.

The UK population is projected to increase by 4.3 million by 2018 (equivalent to an average annual rate of growth of 0.7%), and if past trends continue, the population will continue to grow, reaching 71.6 million by 2033. This is due to natural increase (more births than deaths) and because net immigration is assumed (www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=1352).

The number of households in England is projected to grow to 27.8 million in 2031, an increase of 6.3 million (29%) over the 2006 estimate, or 252,000 households per year, driven mainly by population growth but also continuing increases in single-person households (www.communities.gov.uk/publications/corporate/statistics/2031households0309).

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Swarbs said

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Interesting article Cliff, although you seem to have gotten confused in a couple of areas:

"As you can see, during the boom years of the Eighties, house prices

rose by an average of 4.9% a year above inflation. However, boom

followed bust, with real prices falling by 2.4% a year throughout the

Nineties."

Your table indicates that real prices *rose* by 2.4% a year throughout the nineties - hardly a major bust!

"This report also dispels a common myth: that house prices always go up.

In fact, over the past 50 years, real house prices (after deducting

retail price inflation) fell in 15 years, which is 30% of the time."

That's a *very* weasely sentence (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weasel_word)! The 'common myth' is not that real house prices always go up, rather the belief, backed by the evidence, is that nominal house prices have a strong upward tendency and, over time, will continually end up reaching new highs. The report actually supports this argument - in the 1990s, which was the time of the last property 'crash' prices actually rose by 22% in real terms i.e. after inflation.

illus 12000, that's a good question, but not one that's likely to trouble the UK for some time. The 'baby boomer' generation was born between 1945 and 1957, so they are now between 64 and 52 - hardly on the verge of dying en masse! You can see them on the UK population charts:

http://www.statistics.gov.uk/populationestimates/svg_pyramid/default.htm

That big bulge just above 60 is the main part of the UK baby boom - people born in 1946 and 1947. Of course, the UK also had a second larger baby boom in the 1960s, which is the larger bulge around 40. So even as the 'baby boomer' generation begins to die out, the 1960s boom will be going strong and will likely snap up, or just straightforward inherit, any property that comes back on the market.

Of course this is all fairly academic. With the UK population expected to increase to over 70 million in the next few decades, and with levels of housing construction way below the levels of household formation, there will continue to be sustained upward pressure on housing prices. This was the conclusion of the Barker Report, which stated that the UK will need to build 160,000 new houses per year to keep the level of real house price increases at 2.4%, which would be around a 6% nominal annual increase, and 260,000 new houses to keep the level of real increases at 1.1%, which would be below wage price inflation, hence making houses more affordable again. As Cliff points out, less than 157,000 new houses were built in 2009, so above inflation increases are likely to be the norm for the next couple of decades.

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bungalow said

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My mum is 94 so I would expect to make say 80 at least, currently only one of my children has bought ( last month) so I think quite a few baby boomers children might not have bought yet and if there's more than 2 children or there has been a divorce- also increasing, the simplicity of death = extra spare house for sale = slump is a bit too simple. The growth of single households isn't reversing either

So would I wait around for 20 years or so till house prices fall, no you have to live soemewhere so buy now if you need  a home and then you'll only have 5 years left on your mortgage anyway and prices ain't going to fall by 4/5th's

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  • 1 recommendation

I find the salary increases hard to believe. My experience is that in the early 60s, a working class, married man could start a family in his early 20s, save for a deposit and buy a 3-up, 2-down house by the time he was 25 and his wife dedicated most if not all of her time to home/family. In short, one working class salary could afford the mortgage on the typical family home.

This is a pipe-dream today. A professional (middle class couple) with both partners working would struggle to save enough to start a mortgage and a family before their late 20s and then neither could afford to give up much time for the family very long. It's not just the house; the extra car, child care, consumer electronics (to make life easier, more bearable) all add to family expense. This is the treadmill that the modern family is locked into, precious little quality time for itself and even less for community. Anybody looking for reasons for social decline - look no further. 40 years to break, probably take at least 20 years to fix assuming any of our 'leaders' recognise the problem or care to fix it (most being rich enough to be above the pain threshold).

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matchmade said

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The small rise in private renting since 1991 is primarily down to the Housing Act of 1988, whcih introduced asured shorthold tenancies and gave some protection for landlords from rogue tenants. Previously the rental market was being destroyed by rent controls and sitting tenancies - why be a landlord if the tenant could have her rent fixed at some arbitrary level that bore no relation to interest rate costs, inflation or the value of the property, and then could live in the house until she died?

The private rental market is going to be severely damaged once again because the Government is proposing to force all landlords renting shared houses to apply for planning permission to do this. See http://www.communities.gov.uk/news/corporate/1447619 and the National Landlords Association's response at http://www.landlords.org.uk/news/pressreleases/2010/pressrelease-20100127sharedhousing.html.

The shared house, assuming it gets planning permission, will then be placed in a different planning classification from normal residential houses, and it may well be very difficult to change the designation back again, meaning the landlord will only be able to sell the house to another landlord. I predict a strong drop in the availability of houseshares, because why would any landlord (or more importantly their mortgage provider) want a change of planning designation in a house they will later want to sell? Of course there will be the usual licensing, regulation and horrendous fees, all of which cost will have to passed onto tenants, increasing rents. The winners will be the very "rogue landlords" that the new legislation aims to stamp out, the same landlords that all the last 1000 pieces of legislation relating to tenancies was aimed at. They will continue to operate outside the legislative framework and will be welcomed by tenants because they offer cheaper rents, and all because local councils continually fail to enact the very powerful powers they already have.

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Mick James said

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"The shared house, assuming it gets planning permission, will then be placed in a different planning classification from normal residential houses, and it may well be very difficult to change the designation back again"

That's quite an assumption and almost certainly an incorrent one, given that the only raison d'etre for these powere is to limit the growth of shared housing and "studentification" or residential areas. It will not of course improve the supplyy of faily homes, but rather accelerate their being converted into flats.

As far as the house prices debate goes the only question is whether theinflation was "real" ie derived from a genuine inequality of demand and supply as opposed to speculative, ie self-fuelling in he expectation of future rises.  I suspect it's a ixture but more of the latter than Cliff thinks. The rate of household formation has been accompanied by an increas in demand for space--separate bedrooms for kids, ensuite bathrooms, home offices--that would have been unthinkable 20 years ago. Cliff also alludes to, but draws no conclusions from, the incease in creature comforts and general upgrading of the housing stock.  Our Victorian and Georgian housing stock in particular has been significantly upgraded over the period Cliff is writing about.

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ITexpert77 said

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"the powerful British desire to own a home"

Yes, there is such a desire but not by choice, as renting is far too expensive!

If rents were less than half of the current levels, and virtually for life as they are in Europe then most people would be quite happy to rent.

But when renting is only a short term solution as the monthly payments are roughly the same as the mortgage means renters are taken advantaged off in an awful way, making someone else rich!

I guess it's not the only thing in this country that is very wrong and awful.

Those who buy a house are not that much better off, as everyone in UK from the poorest to the richest are living in a smaller, OLDER, cheaper (in real terms) house that costs them a much higher percentage of their monthly income than the same person living in most European countries (I'm not even mentioning USA where £50k buys a big detached house). And that's very sad and makes us want to leave this country, as millions already have over the years.

And why all this misery? Because simply they don't allow to build houses in this large and spacious country pushing house prices up and making people keep the old houses, even ancient ones (e.g. barn conversions, only done in UK, abroad they demolish them and build a new house!).

Can you imagine if new car sales were regulated and you needed super special rare permission where all your neighbours had to agree for you to buy a new car, and at 5 times the current price? We would all be driving old bangers and recondition them, keep fixing them etc. That's the crazy housing situation in this country!

Does anyone know another country on this planet where house size is quoted in … bedrooms? Making the “bedrooms” every year smaller? Everywhere I’ve seen including Ireland they quote 2 numbers, floor size in square meters or feet and LAND size, so you know exactly what you’re getting.

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MouthyRob said

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Should also point out that correlating average salary to house prices over 50 years is a bit tenuous. You'd get better results comparing house prices to household incomes - that'd account for the fact that 50 years ago only 1 person tended to work whereas now it's more usually 2. More (combined) income will have driven up prices to an extent all by itself.

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I remember, from my childhood, when my Dad (who was brought up in the post-Victorian era)  used to rant that "Women's lib will make the world a much harder place to live in.  They want work equality, but when they are earning the same salaries as men, all women will find that they will have to work to keep up with society.  It won't be a choice any more.  They won't be home to bring up their children", etc., etc.  He thought that children would have to be brought up in boarding schools, but in his post-war mentality, he couldn't envisage things like delinquency.  But many of his ideas were quite close to the bone - the rise in house prices, and the necessity for both partners working to get one, among them.

Of course, he also thought that women would regret ever getting equality - though I think he missed the mark there!

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  • 0 recommendations

UpHillAllThe Way.

Your dad thought 'women would regret getting equality...'

The no of women I know who would just love to have a man to look after them and stay home to have kids would surprise you. These include women who are highly professional, competent and succecssful in their career.

Alas. The men are too scared to chase after the women these days.

And the result of equality ? Single person homes and lone parents.

As they say, nothing is free in life. Be careful what you wish for.

I dont think your dad missed the mark.

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creative said

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Illus1200 and others............... be reassured - us baby boomers are here for a very longtime yet!

Pare down your expectations of massive amounts of property coming to market for a good 30-40 years.

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lindleytvr said

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With regard to the idea that women working and not staying at home is a modern one is wrong.  Apart from in Upper and Middle Class Victorian society, women have always had to work to contribute to the household in order for families to survive.  Historically Working Class women didn't go OUT to work but helped on the farms, did sewing and weaving at home, ran lodgings and taverns from their homes and all manner of other tasks alongside bringing up the children and keeping the family fed and cared for.  

In many ways, the Victorian Middle Class tried to rewrite the history books to fit in with their schemes by saying that women didn't work, but the average family couldn't afford to only have the man working so the whole household contributed.  This was particularly the case with the rural population, who were in the majority in Pre-Victorian Britain.

All we've done is to come full circle as a society with the whole family having to contribute to the household to supply that family with anything more than the basics. 

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